<hdr>The World Factbook 1994: Germany<nl>Communications</hdr><body>
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<item><hi format=bold>Railroads:</hi>
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<item>• <hi format=ital>western:</hi> 31,443 km total; 27,421 km government owned, 1.435-meter standard gauge (12,491 km double track, 11,501 km electrified); 4,022 km nongovernment owned, including 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (214 km electrified) and 424 km 1.000-meter gauge (186 km electrified)
<item>• <hi format=ital>eastern:</hi> 14,025 km total; 13,750 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 275 km 1.000-meter or other narrow gauge; 3,830 (est.) km 1.435-meter standard gauge double-track; 3,475 km overhead electrified (1988)
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<item><hi format=bold>Highways:</hi>
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<item>• <hi format=ital>total:</hi> 625,600 km (1991 est.); western—501,000 km (1990 est.); eastern—124,600 km (1988 est.)
<item>• <hi format=ital>paved:</hi> 543,200 km, including 10,814 km of expressways; western—495,900 km, including 8,959 km of expressways; eastern—47,300 km, including 1,855 km of expressways
<item>• <hi format=ital>unpaved:</hi> 82,400 km; western—5,000 km earth; eastern—77,400 km gravel and earth
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<item><hi format=bold>Inland waterways:</hi>
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<item>• <hi format=ital>western:</hi> 5,222 km, of which almost 70% are usable by craft of 1,000-metric-ton capacity or larger; major rivers include the Rhine and Elbe; Kiel Canal is an important connection between the Baltic Sea and North Sea
<item>• <hi format=ital>eastern:</hi> 2,319 km (1988)
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<item><hi format=bold>Pipelines:</hi> crude oil 3,644 km; petroleum products 3,946 km; natural gas 97,564 km (1988)
<item><hi format=bold>Ports:</hi> coastal—Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Cuxhaven, Emden, Bremen, Hamburg, Kiel, Lubeck, Wilhelmshaven, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz; inland—31 major on Rhine and Elbe rivers
<item>• <hi format=ital>western:</hi> highly developed, modern telecommunication service to all parts of the country; fully adequate in all respects; 40,300,000 telephones; intensively developed, highly redundant cable and microwave radio relay networks, all completely automatic; broadcast stations—80 AM, 470 FM, 225 (6,000 repeaters) TV; 6 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations—12 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT antennas, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT antennas, EUTELSAT, and domestic systems; 2 HF radiocommunication centers; tropospheric links
<item>• <hi format=ital>eastern:</hi> badly needs modernization; 3,970,000 telephones; broadcast stations—23 AM, 17 FM, 21 TV (15 Soviet TV repeaters); 6,181,860 TVs; 6,700,000 radios; 1 satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT and Intersputnik systems